Building Engineering & Housing Science1735-873614220210622Effect of Particle Size Distribution and Confining Pressure on Monotonic Behaviors in Large Triaxial TestsEffect of Particle Size Distribution and Confining Pressure on Monotonic Behaviors in Large Triaxial Tests19154893FAAta Aghaei Araeifaculty member of bhrcFarzin Kalantariدانشگاه خواجه نصیر- هیئت علمیAbbas GhalandarzadehTehran university- Faculty memberHabib Shahnazariuniverity of science and technology- faculty member.Nahid AttarchianRoad, Housing and Urban development Research Center- faculty memberIraj RahmaniRaod, Housing and Urban Development Research Center- Faculty memberAmirsaeid SalamatExpert,Geoetechnics Department, Road,Housing & Urban Development Research Center.Journal Article20200119Performing monotonic triaxial tests on gravelly soils and knowledge about their behaviors are prerequisite actions design of cyclic strength and dynamic tests as well as results interpretations. For example, maximum excess pore pressure at failure state and corresponding deviatoric stress are respectively useful in analysis of generated excess pore pressure and adopting cyclic stress ratio in cyclic strength tests over gravelly materials. Maximum monotonic strength is used in selection of induced anisotropy ratios before dynamic testing. Moreover, for saturation collapse test of rockfill material, selection of the level of shear stress in dry-saturated is required dry monotonic tests. During 1994 to 2017, 150 large monotonic triaxial tests are carried out on high compacted rockfill materials and engineering filling under drained and untrained conditions. Mechanical behavior of engineering filling and rockfill materials is depended on mineral composition, grain size distribution, drainage conditions, ranges of confining pressures, particle breakage index, size and shape of grain. Due to similarity of materials behavior with same characteristics, especially about the effect of particle size distribution and confining pressure, assessment of previously obtained results is very useful. Performing monotonic triaxial tests on gravelly soils and knowledge about their behaviors are prerequisite actions design of cyclic strength and dynamic tests as well as results interpretations. For example, maximum excess pore pressure at failure state and corresponding deviatoric stress are respectively useful in analysis of generated excess pore pressure and adopting cyclic stress ratio in cyclic strength tests over gravelly materials. Maximum monotonic strength is used in selection of induced anisotropy ratios before dynamic testing. Moreover, for saturation collapse test of rockfill material, selection of the level of shear stress in dry-saturated is required dry monotonic tests. During 1994 to 2017, 150 large monotonic triaxial tests are carried out on high compacted rockfill materials and engineering filling under drained and untrained conditions. Mechanical behavior of engineering filling and rockfill materials is depended on mineral composition, grain size distribution, drainage conditions, ranges of confining pressures, particle breakage index, size and shape of grain. Due to similarity of materials behavior with same characteristics, especially about the effect of particle size distribution and confining pressure, assessment of previously obtained results is very useful. https://behs.bhrc.ac.ir/article_154893_2ef9734c928125c3f26f2e936e9a896f.pdfBuilding Engineering & Housing Science1735-873614220210622Evaluation of the Effects of Environmental Factors on Reducing the Stress, Anxiety and Depression of Patients in Therapeutic Centers
(Case Study: Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Ilam)Evaluation of the Effects of Environmental Factors on Reducing the Stress, Anxiety and Depression of Patients in Therapeutic Centers
(Case Study: Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Ilam)1118154901FAAtaollah Yari KiaMSC Student, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, IRANAbdolrahman DinarvandJundi Shapur univercity of TechnologyBehzad VasighFaculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, IRANJournal Article20200722<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; font-weight: normal;">In the bio-psychological approach, behavior is the result of chemical and biological events within the brain. The approach is aimed to understand the neuro-biological processes in order to study the human behavior within a built environment. In the meantime, one of the research areas of this science is the impact of man-made spaces such as architecture. In the research, architectural space is considered as a physical setting, and the impacts of physical factors such as the dimensions of space, color, daylight, natural landscapes, airflow, and other space-forming components on the biological processes of individuals are investigated. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impacts of environmental factors on the health of patients as well as on reducing their recovery time in therapeutic centers. Changes in factors such as natural light, airflow, and natural landscape can cause the behavioral disorders. The paper attempts to investigate the impacts of these factors on reducing the stress, anxiety and depression in hospitalized patients. In this regard, causal-comparative method and DASS-21 questionnaire were used to evaluate these factors. The results reveal that environmental factors such as daylight, fresh air flow and natural landscape are effective in reducing the depression, anxiety and stress of hospitalized patients, because of their impacts on behavioral states of human and can have a significant impact on the improvement of patients.</span>
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; font-weight: normal;">In the bio-psychological approach, behavior is the result of chemical and biological events within the brain. The approach is aimed to understand the neuro-biological processes in order to study the human behavior within a built environment. In the meantime, one of the research areas of this science is the impact of man-made spaces such as architecture. In the research, architectural space is considered as a physical setting, and the impacts of physical factors such as the dimensions of space, color, daylight, natural landscapes, airflow, and other space-forming components on the biological processes of individuals are investigated. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impacts of environmental factors on the health of patients as well as on reducing their recovery time in therapeutic centers. Changes in factors such as natural light, airflow, and natural landscape can cause the behavioral disorders. The paper attempts to investigate the impacts of these factors on reducing the stress, anxiety and depression in hospitalized patients. In this regard, causal-comparative method and DASS-21 questionnaire were used to evaluate these factors. The results reveal that environmental factors such as daylight, fresh air flow and natural landscape are effective in reducing the depression, anxiety and stress of hospitalized patients, because of their impacts on behavioral states of human and can have a significant impact on the improvement of patients.</span>
https://behs.bhrc.ac.ir/article_154901_b4af4d9958b27323c5ee1125effc65c7.pdfBuilding Engineering & Housing Science1735-873614220210622Study of Wood Plastic Composites to Enable the Evaluation and Development of their Application in the Facade of BuildingsStudy of Wood Plastic Composites to Enable the Evaluation and Development of their Application in the Facade of Buildings1923154902FAAzadeh Askarinejadfaculty member, BHRCSohrab VeisehHead of Building Materials and Products Department, Building and Housing Research CenterJournal Article20200517<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) is a composite material composed of natural wood and plastic fibers. WPCs have significant advantages that have increased the tendency to use them in various parts of buildings, including floors, doors, windows, facades, etc. in recent years. One of the advantages of these products is the wood used in them. As this wood can be sawdust or even waste of other wood products, there is no need to use new wood resources to produce them. Recycled plastics are also good sources for use in more conventional WPCs. In order to promote this product for use in the facades of buildings, it is necessary to review the standards and prepare procedures for the evaluation and implementation of this product. In this article, while introducing and reviewing the research done in relation to this product, the standards of characteristics and related test methods are studied and its requirements are determined.</span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) is a composite material composed of natural wood and plastic fibers. WPCs have significant advantages that have increased the tendency to use them in various parts of buildings, including floors, doors, windows, facades, etc. in recent years. One of the advantages of these products is the wood used in them. As this wood can be sawdust or even waste of other wood products, there is no need to use new wood resources to produce them. Recycled plastics are also good sources for use in more conventional WPCs. In order to promote this product for use in the facades of buildings, it is necessary to review the standards and prepare procedures for the evaluation and implementation of this product. In this article, while introducing and reviewing the research done in relation to this product, the standards of characteristics and related test methods are studied and its requirements are determined.</span>https://behs.bhrc.ac.ir/article_154902_d9fa7975e8600a7d8254eccba654c422.pdfBuilding Engineering & Housing Science1735-873614220210622Optimization of a Part of Tehran Water Supply Network by Non-Linear Programming Method and its Effect on Leakage Minimization as an Effective Factor in Urban ManagementOptimization of a Part of Tehran Water Supply Network by Non-Linear Programming Method and its Effect on Leakage Minimization as an Effective Factor in Urban Management2531154913FAAlireza ShahhosseiniDepartment of Civil Engineering, Safadasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-6524-8697Mohsen NajarchiDepartment, of Civil Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran0000-0001-7128-9970Mohammad Mahdi NajafizadehDepartment of Mechanical Engineering , Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, IranSeyyed Mohammad Mirhosseini HezavehDepartment, of Civil Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, IranEhsanollah ZeighamiDepartment of Civil Engineering , Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.Journal Article20200531Water is the most important basic human need, and its renewable resources are declining due to factors such as population growth and rising levels of welfare and health. Optimal utilization of water resources is one of the main challenges of Iran as one of the arid countries in the world. One of the most important tools in this regard is the optimization of water distribution networks as infrastructure facilities that over time, network components wear out and water losses in the network increase with leakage from high pressure points. Tehran is the capital and the most important city of Iran and the accidents of its water distribution network, which are mainly due to leaks and failures in pipes, is one of the most serious problems of the management of this metropolis. The study network is a part of water distribution network in the northwest of Tehran, which is simulated with WaterGEMS software and after entering the required data such as height level and output flow of nodes, specifications of pipes and tanks, location of pressure relief valves, etc., the existing conditions of the survey network and the location of critical points (points where the probability of pipe failure or leakage is high due to excessive pressure) are determined and then using the simulation results input to the optimization model based on nonlinear programming (NLP), the network is optimized in terms of pressure distribution. The results show that the method used for optimization improves the pressure distribution and reduces the leakage potential of the network and compared to the simulation model, the total cost of pipes is reduced by about 8.12%.Water is the most important basic human need, and its renewable resources are declining due to factors such as population growth and rising levels of welfare and health. Optimal utilization of water resources is one of the main challenges of Iran as one of the arid countries in the world. One of the most important tools in this regard is the optimization of water distribution networks as infrastructure facilities that over time, network components wear out and water losses in the network increase with leakage from high pressure points. Tehran is the capital and the most important city of Iran and the accidents of its water distribution network, which are mainly due to leaks and failures in pipes, is one of the most serious problems of the management of this metropolis. The study network is a part of water distribution network in the northwest of Tehran, which is simulated with WaterGEMS software and after entering the required data such as height level and output flow of nodes, specifications of pipes and tanks, location of pressure relief valves, etc., the existing conditions of the survey network and the location of critical points (points where the probability of pipe failure or leakage is high due to excessive pressure) are determined and then using the simulation results input to the optimization model based on nonlinear programming (NLP), the network is optimized in terms of pressure distribution. The results show that the method used for optimization improves the pressure distribution and reduces the leakage potential of the network and compared to the simulation model, the total cost of pipes is reduced by about 8.12%.https://behs.bhrc.ac.ir/article_154913_84b0d749db02a8d90b894b3914cf1c11.pdfBuilding Engineering & Housing Science1735-873614220210622An Investigation on the Effect of Antiscalants on the Prevention of Scaling in Heating and Cooling SystemsAn Investigation on the Effect of Antiscalants on the Prevention of Scaling in Heating and Cooling Systems3338154916FAAsieh Otaredi-KashaniDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Road, Housing, and Urban Development Research Center, Tehran, IranMahdi TeimuriMaster/Road, Housing & Urban Development Research CenterJournal Article20201019In this paper, it was established investigating the effect of some antiscalants in preventing of scaling and corrosion in plate heat exchangers. For that, the test rig including a plate heat exchanger installed in closed heating and cooling circuits has been designed. Here, the criteria of scaling were considered changes of logarithmic mean temperature difference ( ), thermal resistance of the scale ( ) and pressure drop of the two ends of the exchanger temporally. So, the parameters of temperature, pressure and flow rate of the fluid passed through the plate heat exchanger have been measured during the study time. This project has been done in three steps: 1- heating circuit including hard water and cooling circuit including distilled water, 2- heating circuit including hard water and antiscalants and cooling circuit including distilled water, 3- cooling circuit including hard water and antiscalants and heating circuit including distilled water and and have been obtained for all three steps. In the first step, when no anti-scaling material is used, first increases to about 0.0005 over time and then becomes constant. Also, is reduced from about 20 to 15 due to scaling. In the second and third steps, when antiscalants were used in the heating and cooling circuits, respectively, thermal resistance is low and constant (about 0.0005 ). Also, in both steps, is constant (about 17 ). Finally, the pressure drop increased in step 1 and remained almost constant in step 2.In this paper, it was established investigating the effect of some antiscalants in preventing of scaling and corrosion in plate heat exchangers. For that, the test rig including a plate heat exchanger installed in closed heating and cooling circuits has been designed. Here, the criteria of scaling were considered changes of logarithmic mean temperature difference ( ), thermal resistance of the scale ( ) and pressure drop of the two ends of the exchanger temporally. So, the parameters of temperature, pressure and flow rate of the fluid passed through the plate heat exchanger have been measured during the study time. This project has been done in three steps: 1- heating circuit including hard water and cooling circuit including distilled water, 2- heating circuit including hard water and antiscalants and cooling circuit including distilled water, 3- cooling circuit including hard water and antiscalants and heating circuit including distilled water and and have been obtained for all three steps. In the first step, when no anti-scaling material is used, first increases to about 0.0005 over time and then becomes constant. Also, is reduced from about 20 to 15 due to scaling. In the second and third steps, when antiscalants were used in the heating and cooling circuits, respectively, thermal resistance is low and constant (about 0.0005 ). Also, in both steps, is constant (about 17 ). Finally, the pressure drop increased in step 1 and remained almost constant in step 2.https://behs.bhrc.ac.ir/article_154916_922086ea81d3cd9015dfb89f022b9aee.pdfBuilding Engineering & Housing Science1735-873614220210622Assessing the Extent of Adjacency between Urban Land Use and Residential Use in BojnordAssessing the Extent of Adjacency between Urban Land Use and Residential Use in Bojnord3949154918FAAli Asghar Pilehvardepartment of urban engineering,Art faculty,University of Bojnord0000-0003-2125-1274Narges Shirzaddepartment of urban engineering,university of bojnordJournal Article20200916This article aims to assess the relationship between compatibility and proximity in land use in Bojnord with an emphasis on residential use to improve dynamics and urban management. The method of comparative research and analysis is the proportional evaluation model of urban lands and is developmental-applied in nature.<strong> </strong>In this research, the indicators have been measured and evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative evaluation of land use by hypothetically dividing the city into 2 middle and peripheral areas with an area of 1852 hectares and showing two urban areas (middle-peripheral) in the form of 12 hypothetical areas and selecting 4 indicators: area, density, per capita and average area of residential plots with attention has been paid to their importance and impact. For quality assessment of uses, two indicators of compatibility and proximity have been evaluated in terms of desirability. The proximity of urban land uses to residential land has been assessed by analysis using matrices and weighting (1-9) and in the Arc GIS environment by mapping and then analyzing it. The results of this study show that the uses of Bojnord city are quantitatively lower in terms of desirability and compatibility than residential use; So that the use of 58% of green space has been changed and the city is facing a high shortage of public green space and sports use is not desirable in some parts of the city and about 98% of this use has been changed in the detailed plan and the species are unbalanced. The results of quantitative assessment of residential use due to the concentration and density of various commercial-administrative and educational activities, indicate a shortage of housing per capita, especially in densely populated urban areas (the central context of Bojnord). In terms of quality, lack of municipal services and inequality in the distribution of services have exacerbated restrictions on the surrounding context. In terms of compatibility and stability, instability and incompatibility have been revealed in the middle tissue. At the end of the article, suggestions are provided to eliminate the shortage of green space and educational uses per capita in the outskirts of the city and to balance urban services by strengthening service centers in and around the center with an easy access approach of citizens.This article aims to assess the relationship between compatibility and proximity in land use in Bojnord with an emphasis on residential use to improve dynamics and urban management. The method of comparative research and analysis is the proportional evaluation model of urban lands and is developmental-applied in nature.<strong> </strong>In this research, the indicators have been measured and evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative evaluation of land use by hypothetically dividing the city into 2 middle and peripheral areas with an area of 1852 hectares and showing two urban areas (middle-peripheral) in the form of 12 hypothetical areas and selecting 4 indicators: area, density, per capita and average area of residential plots with attention has been paid to their importance and impact. For quality assessment of uses, two indicators of compatibility and proximity have been evaluated in terms of desirability. The proximity of urban land uses to residential land has been assessed by analysis using matrices and weighting (1-9) and in the Arc GIS environment by mapping and then analyzing it. The results of this study show that the uses of Bojnord city are quantitatively lower in terms of desirability and compatibility than residential use; So that the use of 58% of green space has been changed and the city is facing a high shortage of public green space and sports use is not desirable in some parts of the city and about 98% of this use has been changed in the detailed plan and the species are unbalanced. The results of quantitative assessment of residential use due to the concentration and density of various commercial-administrative and educational activities, indicate a shortage of housing per capita, especially in densely populated urban areas (the central context of Bojnord). In terms of quality, lack of municipal services and inequality in the distribution of services have exacerbated restrictions on the surrounding context. In terms of compatibility and stability, instability and incompatibility have been revealed in the middle tissue. At the end of the article, suggestions are provided to eliminate the shortage of green space and educational uses per capita in the outskirts of the city and to balance urban services by strengthening service centers in and around the center with an easy access approach of citizens.https://behs.bhrc.ac.ir/article_154918_04c85854c51f908170195f3c82f15955.pdf